As of October 2013 this is now possible.
input[type=checkbox checked.]
Typing a single period (.) directly after the boolean attribute will produce the following output by default:
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
If you want Emmet to output the attribute name without the argument e.g.
<input type="checkbox" checked />
You'll need to add the following key-value pair to the 'html' object in your Emmet user settings (Mac: 'Sublime Text' > 'Preferences' > 'Package Settings' > 'Emmet' > 'Settings - User')
"compact_bool": true