By default, Bootstrap does not support responsive layout. It is explained quite professionally: "Bootstrap doesn't include responsive features by default at this time as not everything needs to be responsive. Instead of encouraging developers to remove this feature, we figure it best to enable it as needed".
Changing one meta
tag and replacing reference from normal CSS to responsive one in <head>
section does solve problem in question:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link href="assets/css/bootstrap-responsive.css" rel="stylesheet">
After this simple change, PhoneGap applications are correctly adapting to large screens sizes and densities and display Bootstrap elements in correct sizes.