Are you using php-fpm in chrooted mode?
If so chances are that a lot of system mail() requirements aren't available to your chrooted envirronment.
usually such chroot external programs problems can be solved by creating a faxed filesystem in the chrooted path (devices, libraries). But for mail it's harder. The usual solution is not using the php mail call but using instead an smtp communication (with localhost for example). Some examples are listed here.