No, there is no such property. There is only 'Position'
property for axes object. What subplot function does is calculate proper axes position.
You can find all the axes on a figure with ax = findobj(gcf,'type','axes');
. Then get positions with get(ax,'position')
and analyze them for number of rows and columns.
For example:
pos = cell2mat(get(ax,'position'));
nrows = numel(unique(pos(:,2))); % the same Y position means the same row
ncols = numel(unique(pos(:,1))); % the same X position means the same column
Notice however that it will analyze only existing axes. If only two axes were created with subplot(221)
and subplot(222)
you will get 1 row, not 2.