No, it would not work. The way Skype accomplishes this on a desktop is through an extension installed in the browser. On an iPad you cannot install these types of browser extensions. It may be possible on an Android tablet.
Edit:
My answer is based on the assumption that you would visit a page with telephone links and you are asking if the browser will perform like it does on a desktop. Where the browser will 'rewrite' tel: tags you use Skype if installed.
Edit 2:
Updated answer to reflect @ceejayoz's input.