You can use the $().load
callback for this:
$('#publish').click(function(){
var $link = $('#get_links li').first();
var loadLink = function() {
$link.load('test.php', { post: $link.text() }, function() {
// once loading is done, grab the next link...
$link = $link.next();
// ... and load it if we found one
if ($link.length) loadLink();
}).html('<i class="icon-spin icon-spinner"></i>Loading');
};
// load the first link
loadLink();
});