I assume you know how you have set up your frustum so the parameters for the frustum should be known: left, right, bottom, top, near, far
Normally you would need viewingDirection, cameraPosition and upVector of the camera to determine the position inside the frustum, but because view matrix is identity, viewingDir is (0,0,-1), camPosition is (0,0,0) and upVector is (0,1,0).
So you just have to check that your random point lies between (left, bottom, -near) and (right, top, -far).