Assuming by "default" you mean the queue a job will fall to if you do not specify one with the -q switch to qsub, this is difficult.
Out of the box, SGE shouldn't have a hard default queue at all, but the default scheduler will pick a queue for a given submission(if you don't specify one) based on which queue has the lowest load average - this is defined by the scheduler attribute queue_sort_method(see sched_conf(5)). In this case, you'd be guessing at best.
However, if you can guarantee that a real default queue will be set in either the submitter's local .sge_request file or in the global $sge_root/$cluster/common/sge_request file(which defines default switches for qsub, see sge_request(5)), you can certainly parse -q switches out of those.