I finally got it, by sharing my CKAN fork directoy with the VM (in this case the parent directoy since the Vagrantfile is inside the chef-ckan submodule):
config.vm.share_folder "ckan", "/vagrant", ".."
Reference: https://github.com/wilhelmbot/chef-ckan/commit/3cacc6969e8e257862cbc13f32a4d9f271850f27
and changing the CKAN recipes to use the shared folder as the SOURCE DIRECTORY (as Vitor pointed out) https://github.com/wilhelmbot/chef-ckan/commit/cc338f6946efc3968c3b8bded6df00010e9e4732
NOTE:
I couldn't make the git reference attribute to work, that's why I didn't use the full solution proposed by Vitor.
I was getting STDOUT: STDERR: fatal: Could not parse object 'e0648dbf...'