The portable way is, as you suggested yourself,
(defun string-standard-p (string &key (min 32) (max 127))
(every (lambda (c) (<= min (char-code c) max)) string))
There may be an implementation-specific way, e.g., in CLISP, you can do
(defun string-encodable-p (string encoding)
(every (lambda (c) (typep c encoding)) string))
(string-encodable-p "foo" charset:ascii)
==> T
although it will actually accept all ASCII characters, not just 32:127.
(I am sorry, I am not familiar with CCL).
However, I am pretty sure that you will not find a nicer solution than the one you suggested in your question.