A coworker provided me suggestion that I really liked. Instead of trying to query for the unknown, instead filter out the incorrect versions. There really hasn't been a lot of versions of Windows that are not compatible. This would make the query look something like:
SELECT Version FROM Win32_OperatingSystem
WHERE NOT Version like "[12345].%"
and NOT Version like "6.0.%"
and NOT Version like "6.1.%"