You can query a bound render buffer properties using GetRenderbufferParameteriv (6.1.14 Renderbuffer Object Queries). For example with RENDERBUFFER_- INTERNAL_FORMAT.
The problem is that unless the framebuffer is complete, it is not well formed thus the specification just states that values returned are undefined. That's doesn't mean you can query for one of the renderbuffers attached and get the desired information.
Not sure if this is what you were looking for.