Yes you Can.
I don't know much about pyfirmata, however it looks like it is based on pyserial. Which I have used a bit in the passed. I will tell you what I know about pyserial
on the arduino
void setup() {
// open the serial port at 9600 bps:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
on the PC python terminal
>>> ser = serial.Serial()
>>> ser.baudrate = 9600 <--same as the arduino void setup()
>>> ser.port = 0 <--Name of the virtual com port
>>> ser.open
When you write from one you can read from the other.
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Serial http://pyserial.sourceforge.net/shortintro.html