I think you don't need to use the form component here, you only want to handle a string. So I'll explain a way to do.
JavaScript:
$('.edit').editable(path);
Controller:
public function editCategoryAction(Category $category)
{
//check if exists/valid
//get the text sent from jeditable
$name = $this->request->get('value');
$category->setName($name);
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$em->persist($category);
$em->flush();
//return the name value to jeditable so it can display it
return new Response($name);
}
Twig:
<strong class="edit">{{ cat.name }}</strong>
<script>
var path = "{{ path('edit_category', { 'id': cat.id}) }}";
</script>
jEditable sends edited text named as 'value', so you can get it in the controller. In your controller, you implicitly use paramconverter to get the category from the id in the URL. And that should be OK now.
Note that you can use FORJsRoutingBundle, if you want to avoid mixing twig with javascript in order to access path.