I also added some elements to the form later what was ignored by the input filter.
My solution is most likely not exactly the best one, but as you haven't received any other answers yet, here's what I did:
I added
use Zend\InputFilter\Factory as InputFactory;
in the class where I'm validating the form data and then used
$factory = new InputFactory();
$form->getInputFilter()->add($factory->createInput(array(
'name' => 'title_str',
'required' => true,
'filters' => array(
array('name' => 'Int'),
),
)));