The error you're getting is only the return value from the MSBuild process. In order to debug the build process you need to run it for real - meaning in the same fashion as the build runner will, not doing a local debug build in your dev environment. Follow the steps here to increase the MSBuild logging to verbose and save it to a location where you can inspect it later.
If your application is reasonably complex or has lots of dependencies you'll probably have to spend a few hours writing a build script or editing the project files. If you write build script just change the build task in TC to execute the build script. That's generally the approach I've used with TC since editing the project files will affect your local debug builds.