Unfortunately HTML/Js does not know your intention. So you need to help them by attaching your logic to an event handler bound to the text box, something like a keyup event in your case.
$('#edit-combine').on("keyup", function () {
$('#edit-submit-clone-of-combined-search')
.prop("disabled",
$('#edit-combine').val().length == 0);
}).keyup();
Worth looking: