How to set a specific eye point using perspective view with shaders

Question

In these days I am reading the Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming book by Jason L. McKesson. Basically it is a book about the OpenGL 3.3 and I am now at the chapter 4, that is about orthographic and perspective view.

At the end of the chapter, under the "Further Study" section he suggests to try few things like implementing a variable eye point (he used at the begin (0, 0, 0) in camera space for semplicity) and an arbitrary perspective plane location. He says I am going to need to offset the X, Y camera-space positions of the vertices by E_x and E_y respectively.

I cannot understand this passage, how am I supposed to use a variable eye point modifying only the X, Y offsets?

Edit: could it be something like this?

#version 330

layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;
layout(location = 1) in vec4 color;

smooth out vec4 theColor;

uniform vec2 offset;
uniform vec2 E;
uniform float zNear;
uniform float zFar;
uniform float frustumScale;


void main()
{
    vec4 cameraPos = position + vec4(offset.x, offset.y, 0.0, 0.0);
    vec4 clipPos;

    clipPos.xy = cameraPos.xy * frustumScale + vec4(E.x, E.y, 0.0, 0.0);

    clipPos.z = cameraPos.z * (zNear + zFar) / (zNear - zFar);
    clipPos.z += 2 * zNear * zFar / (zNear - zFar);

    clipPos.w = cameraPos.z / (-E.z);

    gl_Position = clipPos;
    theColor = color;
}

Edit2: thanks Boris, your picture helped a lot :) especially because:

• it makes clear what you previously stated regarding thinking E as projection place position and not eye point position
• it underlines that the size of the project plane must be always [-1, 1], passage that I read on the book without fully understanding what it meant

Just a curiosity, why do you mention multiplying after subtracting? Is it for the same reason the book says, that is aspect ratio? Because everything logically push me doing exactly the opposite, that is first translation (-2) and then multiplication (/5).. Or maybe with the term "scaling", the book refers to the reshape function?

Answer 1

Here, we are interested in computing a transformation from Camera Coordinates (CC) to Normalized Device Coordinates (NDC).

Think of E as the position of the projection plane in Camera Coordinates, instead of the position of the eye point according to the projection plane. In Camera Coordinates, the eye point is by definition located at the origin, at least in my interpretation of what "Camera Coordinate" means: a coordinate frame centered from where you look at the scene. (You can mathematically define a perspective transformation centered from anywhere, but this means your input space is not the camera space, imho. This is what the World->Camera transformation is for, as you will see in chapter 6)

Summary:

• you are in camera space, hence your eye point is located at (0,0,0)
• you are looking toward the negative Z-axis
• your projection plane is parallel to the xOy plane, with a size of [-1,1] in both direction

This is the picture here (each tick is 0.5 unit):

In this picture, you can see that the projection plane (bottom side of the gray trapezoid) is centered in (0,0,-1), with a size of [-1,1] in both X and Y direction.

Now, what is asked is instead of choosing (0,0,-1) for the center of this plane, to choose an arbitrary (E.x, E.y, E.z) position (assumes E.z is negative). But the plane has still to be parallel to xOy axis and with the same size.

You can see that the dimension E.xy plays a very different role than E.z, reason why E.xy will be involved in an substraction, while E.z will be involved in a division. This is easy to see with an example:

1. assume zNear = -E.z (not necessarily the case, but you can in fact always change frustumScale to have an equivalent perspective satisfying this)
2. consider the point E (which is the center of the projection plane).

What is its coordinate in NDC space? It is (0,0,-1) by definition. What you've done is substracting E.xy, but dividing by -E_z.

Your code got this idea, but still some things are wrong:

1. First, you defined uniform vec2 E; instead of uniform vec3 E; (just a typo, not a big deal)
2. The line clipPos.xy = ... ; is about vec2 arithmetic. Hence, you can only multiply by scalar values (i.e., a float), or add/substract vec2 values. Hence, vec4(E.x, E.y, 0.0, 0.0) is of incorrect type, you should use E.xy instead, which has the correct type vec2.
3. You should in fact substract E.xy instead of add it. This is easy to see in my example above.
4. Finally, things are more subtle ;-)

I made a picture to illustrate the modifications:

Each tick is 1 unit in this picture. Top left is your Camera Coordinate Space, with displayed zNear, zFar, and two possible projection planes. In blue is the one used in the explanation and shader here, and the red one is the one you now want to use. The colored areas correponds to what should be visible in you final screen, e.g. what should be in the cube [-1,1]^3 in the NDC Space. Hence, if you use the blue projection plane, you want to obtain the space in top right, and if you use the red projection plane, you want to optain the space in the bottom. To do this, you can observe that you need to perform the scaling and translation in NDC space, e.g. after the perspective division! (I think what is written in the book is either incorrect, or interpret the question differently).

Hence you want to do, in euclidean coordinate (i.e., not homogeneous coordinate, e.g. without W coordinate):

clipPosEuclideanRed.xy = clipPosEuclideanBlue.xy * (-E.z) - E.xy;
clipPosEuclideanRed.z = clipPosEuclideanBlue.z;

However, because you are in homogeneous coordinates, this values are in fact:

clipPosEuclidean.xyz = clipPos.xyz / clipPos.w; // with clipPos.w = -cameraPos.z;

Hence, you have to composate by writing:

clipPosRed.xy = clipPosBlue.xy * (-E.z) - E.xy * (-cameraPos.z);
clipPosRed.z = clipPosBlue.z;

So my solution to this problem would be to add only one line:

void main()
{
    vec4 cameraPos = position + vec4(offset.x, offset.y, 0.0, 0.0);
    vec4 clipPos;

    clipPos.xy = cameraPos.xy * frustumScale;

    // only add this line
    clipPos.xy = - clipPos.xy * E.z + E.xy * cameraPos.z;

    clipPos.z = cameraPos.z * (zNear + zFar) / (zNear - zFar);
    clipPos.z += 2 * zNear * zFar / (zNear - zFar);

    clipPos.w = -cameraPos.z;

    gl_Position = clipPos;
    theColor = color;
}