For older Android versions including Jelly Bean (API 16) and older the answer of Dalmas is correct. So feel free to upvote that answer.
Beginning with Jelly Bean MR1 (API 17) there are new rules about path due the multiuser support:
I figured out that the settings file is located in /data/user/##/my.package.name/shared_prefs/my.package.name_preferences.xml
where ##
is my numeric user id.
For solving that path you need the ApplicationContext
there you need to reflect mLoadedAPK
and there mDataDir
. For now I'm happy with that I could get the path from the debugger. Sorry to everyone who wants a ready to use code snippet, you have to do that yourself.