your code is correct (even though I can't quite identify what language you're using or how exactly it ties to the GeoChart). What's happening here is that our geocoding cache is out of sync and needs to be refreshed. We're currently in the middle of rebuilding our Geo data generation, so this should happen soon, but I don't have an estimate for exactly when just yet.
Meanwhile, you can just use your abbreviations as ISO codes, and render the provinces that way. Here is a jsfiddle that does that: http://jsfiddle.net/Uwpjg/
function drawVisualization() {
// Create and populate the data table.
var data = google.visualization.arrayToDataTable([
['Code', 'Location', 'Value'],
['DE-BW', 'Baden-Württemberg', 10],
['DE-BY', 'Bayern', 10],
['DE-BE', 'Berlin', 10],
['DE-BB', 'Brandenburg', 10],
['DE-HB', 'Bremen', 10],
['DE-HH', 'Hamburg', 10],
['DE-HE', 'Hessen', 10],
['DE-MV', 'Mecklenburg-Vorpommern', 10],
['DE-NI', 'Niedersachsen', 10],
['DE-NW', 'Nordrhein-Westfalen', 10],
['DE-RP', 'Rheinland-Pfalz', 10],
['DE-SL', 'Saarland', 10],
['DE-SN', 'Sachsen', 10],
['DE-ST', 'Sachsen-Anhalt', 10],
['DE-SH', 'Schleswig-Holstein', 10],
['DE-TH', 'Thüringen', 10],
]);
// Create and draw the visualization.
new google.visualization.GeoChart(document.getElementById('visualization')).
draw(data, {
width:600,
height:400,
region: 'DE',
resolution: 'provinces'
});
}