There's no need to specify chrome-extension://__MSG_@@extension_id__
in your stylesheet, even if you're embedding the style sheet on a non-extension page.
url()
s within a stylesheet are always resolved relative to the path of the style sheet itself. So, it suffices to use the following style sheet, the image will correctly be displayed.
/* .css file within your extension directory */
#webapps-compose img {
content: url("/skin/webapps/compose-128.png");
}