After extensive research, I've found that the best way to do it is to write a Shell Namespace extension.
I'll be able to provide a virtual directory representing my server's structure, and translate the names the way I want.
This seems a little overkill though, but there's no other way to change the informations displayed as the display name is managed by an IShellFolder which provides it to an IShellView
One excellent source of informations I've found about it, and the most up to date so far, is an article on Michael Edenfiled's blog