As Victor suggested, setting "None" as the default when prompted was the proper course of action. However, it may also be necessary to use the rebuild() method on the model after the migration. I also posted to the django-mptt-dev Google Group, and the package author, Craig de Stigter replied with the following:
If your migration imports the actual models (not the south ORM ones) and does a YourModel.objects.rebuild() at the end of the migration, it should migrate correctly. The actual value you use for the mptt fields in the meantime is irrelevant as the rebuild() will override it.
I asked him to clarify whether he was saying I could specify "None" when asked by South to set a default value, and then go to a shell and use rebuild(), and he said yes.
In any event, it seems to have worked for me.