No, it is not possible.
You can use predefined property sets like: PropertySet.FirstClassProperties
to get the known set of properties.
Getting extended properties this way is not supported at all. You have to specify explicitly which extended properties you want to access. For example:
ItemView view = new ItemView(10);
ExtendedPropertyDefinition extendedPropertyDefinition =
new ExtendedPropertyDefinition("Expiration Date", MapiPropertyType.String);
view.PropertySet =
new PropertySet(BasePropertySet.FirstClassProperties, ItemSchema.Subject,extendedPropertyDefinition);