You have to code it. Admin panel uses Prototype Validation: you can extend by creating a custom JS file with your validation rules, in the form:
if(Validation) {
Validation.add AllThese ([
['validate-dob', // class/rule name
'DOB cannot be in the future', // Error message
function (v) {
// TODO: validation of input, 'v' being the input.
// return true (input is ok) or false
}]
// more rules here, if needed..
])};
Then dynamically add 'validate-dob' class to customer dob input field. You can do it in this file too. Add your custom file to be loaded in the admin theme in adminhtml default layout main.xml.