I don't think Eloquent's accessors/mutators will help you for a custom query like the one you've specified. As an alternative, you could try something like this:
$fan_likes = DB::table('fanartists')
->join('artists', 'fanartists.artist_id', '=', 'artists.id')
->where('fanartists.fan_id', '=', Auth::user()->id)
->select(DB::raw('substring(artists.description, 1, 90) as description, artists.id, artists.stage_name, artists.city, artists.state, artists.image_path'))
->get();
Then, for the purpose of this query, the artist description will be the shortened version.