It turns out that you can't revert a credit memo according to the Intuit developer site: https://developer.intuit.com/docs/0025_quickbooksapi/0050_data_services/v2/0500_quickbooks_windows/0500_supported_objects
What I ended up doing to resolve the issue was doing a query with ErroredObjectsOnly="true" to get the currently errored credit memo:
<CreditMemoQuery ErroredObjectsOnly="true" xmlns="http://www.intuit.com/sb/cdm/v2">
</CreditMemoQuery>
and then posting my credit memo back to intuit with valid fields. That bumped the CreditMemo out of error state and allowed it to sync.