No, not really. File Custom Properties were added in Vista, but they are really just metadata related to files (of a given extension) plus some COM interfaces to show them to the user, etc. I.e., you can index properties, display them, edit them, etc. but properties won't be able to keep a file from being read (and thus copied).
If you are interested, your can review the MS docs for file properties http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ff728898(v=vs.85).aspx. This page detailning the predined properties is probably the easiest way to see how are used http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd561977(v=vs.85).aspx