It seems that one of the binary log files, Applications/MAMP/db/mysql/mysql-bin.000025
, got corrupted or deleted (it was no longer there, and I did not manually delete it).
After doing some research and finding this post, I was able to fix this by navigating to /Applications/MAMP/db/mysql
and manually editing
mysql-bin.index
to no longer include the missing log file.
I'm still a little confused what led to this issue originally though, since I shut down my MAMP server normally and never touched the binary log files...