Selecting columns from pandas MultiIndex

Question

I have DataFrame with MultiIndex columns that looks like this:

# sample data
col = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([['one', 'one', 'one', 'two', 'two', 'two'],
                                ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c']])
data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 6), columns=col)
data

What is the proper, simple way of selecting only specific columns (e.g. ['a', 'c'], not a range) from the second level?

Currently I am doing it like this:

import itertools
tuples = [i for i in itertools.product(['one', 'two'], ['a', 'c'])]
new_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
print(new_index)
data.reindex_axis(new_index, axis=1)

It doesn't feel like a good solution, however, because I have to bust out itertools, build another MultiIndex by hand and then reindex (and my actual code is even messier, since the column lists aren't so simple to fetch). I am pretty sure there has to be some ix or xs way of doing this, but everything I tried resulted in errors.

Answer 1

It's not great, but maybe:

>>> data
        one                           two                    
          a         b         c         a         b         c
0 -0.927134 -1.204302  0.711426  0.854065 -0.608661  1.140052
1 -0.690745  0.517359 -0.631856  0.178464 -0.312543 -0.418541
2  1.086432  0.194193  0.808235 -0.418109  1.055057  1.886883
3 -0.373822 -0.012812  1.329105  1.774723 -2.229428 -0.617690
>>> data.loc[:,data.columns.get_level_values(1).isin({"a", "c"})]
        one                 two          
          a         c         a         c
0 -0.927134  0.711426  0.854065  1.140052
1 -0.690745 -0.631856  0.178464 -0.418541
2  1.086432  0.808235 -0.418109  1.886883
3 -0.373822  1.329105  1.774723 -0.617690

would work?

Answer 2

The most straightforward way is with .loc:

>>> data.loc[:, (['one', 'two'], ['a', 'b'])]


   one       two     
     a    b    a    b
0  0.4 -0.6 -0.7  0.9
1  0.1  0.4  0.5 -0.3
2  0.7 -1.6  0.7 -0.8
3 -0.9  2.6  1.9  0.6

Remember that [] and () have special meaning when dealing with a MultiIndex object:

(...) a tuple is interpreted as one multi-level key

(...) a list is used to specify several keys [on the same level]

(...) a tuple of lists refer to several values within a level

When we write (['one', 'two'], ['a', 'b']), the first list inside the tuple specifies all the values we want from the 1st level of the MultiIndex. The second list inside the tuple specifies all the values we want from the 2nd level of the MultiIndex.

Edit 1: Another possibility is to use slice(None) to specify that we want anything from the first level (works similarly to slicing with : in lists). And then specify which columns from the second level we want.

>>> data.loc[:, (slice(None), ["a", "b"])]

   one       two     
     a    b    a    b
0  0.4 -0.6 -0.7  0.9
1  0.1  0.4  0.5 -0.3
2  0.7 -1.6  0.7 -0.8
3 -0.9  2.6  1.9  0.6

If the syntax slice(None) does appeal to you, then another possibility is to use pd.IndexSlice, which helps slicing frames with more elaborate indices.

>>> data.loc[:, pd.IndexSlice[:, ["a", "b"]]]

   one       two     
     a    b    a    b
0  0.4 -0.6 -0.7  0.9
1  0.1  0.4  0.5 -0.3
2  0.7 -1.6  0.7 -0.8
3 -0.9  2.6  1.9  0.6

When using pd.IndexSlice, we can use : as usual to slice the frame.

Source: MultiIndex / Advanced Indexing, How to use slice(None)

Answer 3

You can use either, loc or ix I'll show an example with loc:

data.loc[:, [('one', 'a'), ('one', 'c'), ('two', 'a'), ('two', 'c')]]

When you have a MultiIndexed DataFrame, and you want to filter out only some of the columns, you have to pass a list of tuples that match those columns. So the itertools approach was pretty much OK, but you don't have to create a new MultiIndex:

data.loc[:, list(itertools.product(['one', 'two'], ['a', 'c']))]

Answer 4

I think there is a much better way (now), which is why I bother pulling this question (which was the top google result) out of the shadows:

data.select(lambda x: x[1] in ['a', 'b'], axis=1)

gives your expected output in a quick and clean one-liner:

        one                 two          
          a         b         a         b
0 -0.341326  0.374504  0.534559  0.429019
1  0.272518  0.116542 -0.085850 -0.330562
2  1.982431 -0.420668 -0.444052  1.049747
3  0.162984 -0.898307  1.762208 -0.101360

It is mostly self-explaining, the [1] refers to the level.

Answer 5

ix and select are deprecated!

The use of pd.IndexSlice makes loc a more preferable option to ix and select.

---

DataFrame.loc with pd.IndexSlice

# Setup
col = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([['one', 'one', 'one', 'two', 'two', 'two'],
                                ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c']])
data = pd.DataFrame('x', index=range(4), columns=col)
data

  one       two      
    a  b  c   a  b  c
0   x  x  x   x  x  x
1   x  x  x   x  x  x
2   x  x  x   x  x  x
3   x  x  x   x  x  x

data.loc[:, pd.IndexSlice[:, ['a', 'c']]]

  one    two   
    a  c   a  c
0   x  x   x  x
1   x  x   x  x
2   x  x   x  x
3   x  x   x  x

You can alternatively an axis parameter to loc to make it explicit which axis you're indexing from:

data.loc(axis=1)[pd.IndexSlice[:, ['a', 'c']]]

  one    two   
    a  c   a  c
0   x  x   x  x
1   x  x   x  x
2   x  x   x  x
3   x  x   x  x

---

MultiIndex.get_level_values

Calling data.columns.get_level_values to filter with loc is another option:

data.loc[:, data.columns.get_level_values(1).isin(['a', 'c'])]

  one    two   
    a  c   a  c
0   x  x   x  x
1   x  x   x  x
2   x  x   x  x
3   x  x   x  x

This can naturally allow for filtering on any conditional expression on a single level. Here's a random example with lexicographical filtering:

data.loc[:, data.columns.get_level_values(1) > 'b']

  one two
    c   c
0   x   x
1   x   x
2   x   x
3   x   x

---

More information on slicing and filtering MultiIndexes can be found at Select rows in pandas MultiIndex DataFrame.

Answer 6

To select all columns named 'a' and 'c' at the second level of your column indexer, you can use slicers:

>>> data.loc[:, (slice(None), ('a', 'c'))]

        one                 two          
          a         c         a         c
0 -0.983172 -2.495022 -0.967064  0.124740
1  0.282661 -0.729463 -0.864767  1.716009
2  0.942445  1.276769 -0.595756 -0.973924
3  2.182908 -0.267660  0.281916 -0.587835

Here you can read more about slicers.

Answer 7

A slightly easier, to my mind, riff on Marc P.'s answer using slice:

import pandas as pd
col = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([['one', 'one', 'one', 'two', 'two', 'two'], ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c']])
data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 6), columns=col)

data.loc[:, pd.IndexSlice[:, ['a', 'c']]]

        one                 two          
          a         c         a         c
0 -1.731008  0.718260 -1.088025 -1.489936
1 -0.681189  1.055909  1.825839  0.149438
2 -1.674623  0.769062  1.857317  0.756074
3  0.408313  1.291998  0.833145 -0.471879

As of pandas 0.21 or so, .select is deprecated in favour of .loc.

Answer 8

Use df.loc(axis="columns") (or df.loc(axis=1) to access just the columns and slice away:

df.loc(axis="columns")[:, ["a", "c"]]

Answer 9

The .loc[:, list of column tuples] approach given in one of the earlier answers fails in case the multi-index has boolean values, as in the example below:

col = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([[False, False, True,  True],
                                 [False, True,  False, True]])
data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 4), columns=col)
data.loc[:,[(False, True),(True, False)]]

This fails with a ValueError: PandasArray must be 1-dimensional.

Compare this to the following example, where the index values are strings and not boolean:

col = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([["False", "False", "True",  "True"],
                                 ["False", "True",  "False", "True"]])
data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 4), columns=col)
data.loc[:,[("False", "True"),("True", "False")]]

This works fine.

You can transform the first (boolean) scenario to the second (string) scenario with

data.columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([(str(i),str(j)) for i,j in data.columns],
    names=data.columns.names)

and then access with string instead of boolean column index values (the names=data.columns.names parameter is optional and not relevant to this example). This example has a two-level column index, if you have more levels adjust this code correspondingly.

Getting a boolean multi-level column index arises, for example, if one does a crosstab where the columns result from two or more comparisons.