I've found a couple of articles that helped me answer to derive an answer to this question:
It may be possible to simplify this UDF, but it gives me exactly what I was looking for:
CREATE FUNCTION Week (@date DATETIME, @dateFirst INT)
RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE @normalizedWeekOfYear INT = DATEDIFF(WEEK, DATEADD(YEAR, DATEDIFF(YEAR, 0, @date), 0), @date) + 1
DECLARE @jan1DayOfWeek INT = DATEPART(WEEKDAY, DATEADD(YEAR, DATEDIFF(YEAR, 0, @date), 0) + @@DATEFIRST- 7) - 1
DECLARE @dateDayOfWeek INT = DATEPART(WEEKDAY, DATEADD(DAY, @@DATEFIRST- 7, @date)) - 1
RETURN @normalizedWeekOfYear +
CASE
WHEN @jan1DayOfWeek < @dateFirst AND @dateDayOfWeek >= @dateFirst THEN 1
WHEN @jan1DayOfWeek >= @dateFirst AND @dateDayOfWeek < @dateFirst THEN -1
ELSE 0
END
END
GO
Then, executing the following statements would return 35 and 36 respectively:
SELECT dbo.Week('2013-08-28', 2)
SELECT dbo.Week('2013-08-28', 3)