The getNode(String)
method accepts a relative path, so while a child name is is a relative path and frequently how this method is used, you can also construct a relative path:
Node result = currentNode.getNode("jcr:content/parContent/myComponent");
As you can see, it's pretty straightforward. Of course, paths are quite powerful in JCR; see Section 3.4 in the JCR 2.0 specification for a full definition of what's allowed in both absolute and relative paths.
BTW, if you have an absolute path, you must look up the node directly from the Session
:
Node result = mySession.getNode("/some/absolute/path/to/a/node");