I think what you're referring to is 'Transaction Description'.
This data is completely controlled by the organisation which debits the account so there is no standard, also some organisations also include transaction details in this making lookups extremely complex. Some examples below:
Shell Petrol Station CD 5487 < Includes last four digits of card
Some Restaurant 15/10 < Includes date
Google Apps Tran #16598745 < Includes transaction code
There are some sites that have an ability to search these transaction descriptions but I think these are user contributed, there is no official source as far as I'm aware.