Instead of an identity, which is a special case of a sequence, you can explicitly create a sequence, and use it:
CREATE SEQUENCE tstident_seq;
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tstident (id INT DEFAULT NEXTVAL('tstident_seq'), value INT);
INSERT INTO tstident (value) VALUES (42);
-- to check
SELECT * FROM tstident;
The output is, as expected:
id | value
----+-------
1 | 42
(1 row)