You might want to look at the Sitemap index standard to see if this may help you break your very large site into more manageable chunks for Google and other search engines to traverse through your sitemaps. Particularly since you are using PHP, the "last updated" date and the assigned weight still factor into the crawl frequency.
To answer your question, though, I am fairly sure the answer is "No". Google has no reason to delete a page from their index unless you explicitly tell them to (using the section in Webmaster Tools or if your server responds with a 301 or 404 HTTP status code).
But I really do think you could benefit from using the Sitemap directory schema described above.