You can get the no of Sundays in current month and your date column is less than to current date by using SUM
with expression DAYNAME(created) ='sunday'
,using sum with expression will result in a boolean 0 or 1,also make sure you have stored the standard date object in your date field in my case i have used the name as created, and in where clause i have compared the date column with current month dates
SELECT
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Sunday'),0) `sundays`
FROM `table`
WHERE created > LAST_DAY(NOW() - INTERVAL 1 MONTH)
AND created < CURRENT_DATE()
After question is edited you can also count no. days by their name as below for a period from month starting to current date
SELECT
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Sunday'),0) `sundays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Monday'),0) `mondays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Tuesday'),0) `tuesdays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Wednesday'),0) `wednesdays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Thursday'),0) `thursdays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Friday'),0) `fridays`,
IFNULL(SUM(DAYNAME(created) ='Saturday'),0) `saturdays`
FROM `table`
WHERE created > LAST_DAY(NOW() - INTERVAL 1 MONTH)
AND created < CURRENT_DATE()