Did you happen to search for this before posting? Google comes up with a blog post that discusses this topic wrt Tomcat and includes an implementation of such a Valve, as well as a JBoss implementation of one. So I'd say, "Yes, it's definitely possible." If one of these doesn't suit your needs, you could certainly at least use their source code to guide you in the right direction and then come back with a more specific question if you run into trouble.
Update: There's no such thing as a "server-side redirect" the way you're using the term. Redirecting means sending a 3xx series response code back to the user agent to tell it something about the resource it requested. That being said, I haven't done any Valve development myself, but from the description of Valve.invoke(), I'm guessing if you just put the Valve high enough up in the Tomcat configuration, you could just modify the request URI on the way in and let it be handled normally.