I've had similar problems finding osx equivalents of quite a few winapi methods. And what i've found to be the quickest solution to implement is using the commandline utilities on osx through QProcess. Its probably a lot slower then any api call would be, but if you're using it infrequently it should be fine.
For instance:
diskutil info /dev/disk0s2
gives the following output
(...)
Partition Type: Apple_HFS
(...)
which you can read from QProcess output.
QProcess p;
p.start("diskutil",QStringList() << "info" "/path/to/dev");
p.waitForFinished();
foreach(QString line, QString(p.readAll()).split("\n"))
if(line.contains("Partition Type:"))
qDebug() << line
Something like this should work.