Yes, maybe let the HashMap do the work instead of using a nested loop.
HashMap numbers = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
List col2Array=null;
for (int i=0; i<tbNumbers.getRowCount(); i++)
{
col1 = mdNumbers.getValueAt(i,0).toString();
col2Array = numbers.get(col1);
if(col2Array==null){
col2Array=new ArrayList<String>();
numbers.put(col1,col2Array);
}
col2Array.add(mdNumbers.getValueAt(i,1).toString());
}