After some research with RegShot I figured out that you have to delete these keys first:
Software\Classes\Local Settings\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Shell\Bags
Software\Classes\Local Settings\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Shell\BagMRU
Windows does not need these keys to be consistent. If they are missing the system creates them on the fly with basic settings.
After removing these keys you can set your default view by setting the right bytes to these keys:
Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Streams\Settings
Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Streams\Defaults\{5C4F28B5-F869-4E84-8E60-F11DB97C5CC7}
With the RegShot tool you can find out the right bytes for Symbole-, Details- or List-View. If anyone needs them leave a comment. I do not want to write a ~40x20 Byte-Matrix to this post ;).
With this method you do not need a restart or a logoff to change your default folder view for all folders. This method does also reset all saved folder-views and set the default one.