The current request is definitely not where you want to be looking. A request may be a local request on any server. In any case at application startup there probably isn't any request to look at at all.
You want the application to behave differently depending on where it is deployed. You know where it is deployed when you deploy it, this is probably the best time to make the decision on what time of Facebook authentication you need.
The ConfigureAuth method is part of the Startup class that Owin use to initialize your application.
You can have different Startup classes and you can configure in web.config which one Owin should use. On the server you deploy to you could have something like this:
<appSettings>
<add key="owin:appStartup" value="YourNamespaceHere.ProductionStartup" />
</appSettings>
On the local machine you could use this.
<appSettings>
<add key="owin:appStartup" value="YourNamespaceHere.Startup" />
</appSettings>
The ProductionStartup class has the Facebook code needed for the deployed scenario, the Startup class is for your testing.
You can read more about OWIN Startup here