Yes, you can use InPlaceResourceOptimization
to optimize images even if they are not optimized in HTML (Note: That doc says that this is an Apache-only feature, but that's out of date, it works in the latest Nginx as well.). Add this command to your config:
pagespeed InPlaceResourceOptimization on;
Note that the default way that ngx_pagespeed works is by rewriting resources found in HTML. That is the most efficient way to run it. If you only use InPlaceResourceOptimization
you will not get some advantages like cache extension and image resizing. However this is a convenient feature if you cannot optimize resources in HTML.