You can use git over ssh to access your repositories on linux by cloning them to your Windows computer and pushing back over to your server. You do your work on your IDE that works on Windows on your local clone and push back over to your server for testing.
Another solution would be to mount your server as an SSH drive in Windows. There are several software available for this but https://www.eldos.com/sftp-net-drive/ has worked for me in the past. After mounting you can work on your server files.
One last solution I can think of is using the first solution but adding a post-receive
hook to check you out a copy you can test on.