Communication between webview and native code in a mobile app

Question 1

Javascript. You bind the WebView to your Android application with the JavascriptInterface. Here are some reference docs: Building Web Apps in WebView

Question 2

To call Java (or Kotlin) methods in your Javascript code, first create a class and mark the methods you need to use in Javascript with @JavascriptInterface:

public class WebAppInterface{
    Activity _activity;

    WebAppInterface(Activity context){
        _activity = activity;
    }

    @JavascriptInterface
    public void javaMethodToBeCalledFromJavascript(){
        //Your code here
    }
}

Note that @JavascriptInterface methods must be public, otherwise you can't call them from Javascript.

Then you need to create an instance of that class and pass that instance as an argument to the WebView's addJavascriptInterface:

WebAppInterface interface = new WebAppInterface(this);    //this refers to the current activity
webView.addJavascriptInterface(interface, "Android");

The first argument of addJavascriptInterface is the object with the methods you want to call from Javascript, and the second argument is what the interface will be called in Javascript. Since in this example the second argument is "Android", this will create a Javascript object called Android with the methods that were marked as @JavascriptInterface (if you passed "Foo" as second argument instead, the Javascript object would be called Foo). So to call the javaMethodToBeCalledFromJavascript() method in Javascript, do this:

Android.javaMethodToBeCalledFromJavascript();

The basics are as simple as that. However, there are a few things that are useful to know to avoid spending a lot of time debugging.

The most important thing to know is that Java objects called from Javascript are run on a separate thread. This has two major practical consequences.

First, Android will only let you access UI elements from the UI thread. Therfore, the following code will throw a CalledFromWrongThreadException exception (though it will probably look like it does nothing, I will get to that later):

@JavascriptInterface
public void changeTextOnTextView(String newText){
    _activity.someTextView.setText(newText);
}

Android.changeTextOnTextView("Hello World!");

This is because you can only access _activity.someTextView on _activity's UI thread, but here you're trying to access it from the Javascript thread. To solve this problem, use the activity's runOnUiThread method:

@JavascriptInterface
public void changeTextOnTextView(String newText){
    _activity.runOnUiThread(() -> {
        _activity.someTextView.setText(newText);
    });
}

Second, any uncaught Java exceptions that were thrown from the Javascript thread are treated as Javascript errors. This has multiple issues. The first issue is that by default, Android's WebView doesn't show Javascript errors at all. And even if you solve that (either on the Javascript side with window.onerror or on the Java side as explained in one of the answers here), you will run into the second issue, which is that the Javascript error will only tell you that a "Java exception was raised during method invocation", without giving you any indication whatsoever about what the Java exception was or where in the Java code it was thrown.

To get around this, you can use runOnUiThread as explained above, since uncaught Java exceptions thrown on the UI thread will behave as usual, giving you a detailed stack trace in Android Studio. If you want to catch the exception, you can also use try/catch blocks in your Java code (but not in your Javascript code otherwise you won't be able to get any information about the exception).

Question 3

You can take a look at MRAID standatd^[About] You are able to send some commands and receive some answers. It is not a kind of native development but it is used by companies

[iOS WKWebView]
[iOS UIWebView]
[Android WebView]