With input:
I have a dog. My dog is cute. "I have a cat". My cat is lazy. "I have a bird" (I said). Come to my house! "You sure?" and I said "Yes, of course" (2009).
And using:
/ "[^"]+" \([^()]+\)(?:\.(?!\s*$))?/
You get:
I have a dog. My dog is cute. "I have a cat". My cat is lazy. Come to my house! "You sure?" and I said.
You had a whitespace after the \)
in your regex which prevented a match. I used (?:\.(?!\s*$))?
which means match a dot only if it's not at the end of the string.