If you want to invoke a WebJob from your Website, the best thing you can do is simply have the WebJob code inside your Website and simply call that code, you can still easily use the WebJob SDK from inside your Website. (for calling a WebJobs SDK method sample: https://web.archive.org/web/20180415074357/http://thenextdoorgeek.com/post/WAWS-WebJob-to-upload-FREB-files-to-Azure-Storage-using-the-WebJobs-SDK).
The reason you wouldn't want to invoke the WebJob from your Website is that the invocation contains a secret you rather not store on your Website (deployment credentials).
If you rather separate WebJob and Website code, the best thing to do is to communicate using a queue, the WebJob listens on the queue and the Website pushes the request to the queue.
Regarding the original question, currently there is no way to pass parameters to the WebJob invoke call.