Ok, here is the solution: if my box contains a filling color, ok, it works; but, if the box contains an image or something else, then I need to use transparencySettings instead of fillTransparencySettings:
var myTransparencySettings = rectbox.transparencySettings;
Then
var rectbox = doc.pages.item(0).rectangles.add({geometricBounds:[20,20,70,120]});
var image = rectbox.place(File('/path/image.pdf'));
var myTS = rectbox.transparencySettings;
myTS.dropShadowSettings.mode = ShadowMode.drop;
...
works perfectly!
Many thanks to Johan, however!