There is not a query length limitation that I am aware of. I have used queries that are twice as long as the one you give an example of.
Try using a newer version of the api the newest api is 4.0. The post url would like like.
http://012345.attask-ondemand.com/attask/api/v4.0/task?method=post&sessio . . .
If you still have issues post the exact error message you are getting and what language you are using.
UPDATE
Try using a JSON query to do the post. Using your above url example it would look like this.
Notice I am also just using a login method at the time of post instead of getting a session. So change the username and password to your attask login info.
See if this will give you better results and let me know.
https://012345.attask-ondemand.com/attask/api/v4.0/task?updates={"name":"Test 11","projectID":"0123456789034af693e3de0123456789","assignedToID":"0123456789016e913d9f3a00123456789","estCompletionDate":"2015-05-01T08:55:36:000-0500"}&method=post&username=admin@user.attask&password=user