I was able to get this working on Node.js I am unable to use the provided libraries as well. I did most of my testing in Firefox and used custom JavaScript to interact with the FirstSignIn service.
For the accounts, I tested 4 different ones. I have 2 main Office365 accounts, 1 developer account and 1 windows live. The 3 Office365 (primaries + dev) worked great. I was prompted with the "We need a little more help" only for one of my primary accounts, which happens to be federated with ADFS.
The Windows Live account did prompt with "We need a little more help", but failed after selecting Microsoft Account. The error was "We are unable to complete your request", with some more details in the URL. (Note: I am able to connect with Windows Live using the old API).
I have read elsewhere that the discovery service has been down sometime in the last few days. Based on the fact that you did get a redirect, I doubt that is the case, but maybe it was affected by that somehow.
Based on your question above, it sounds like you are in a browser. Which one are you testing with? Again, I'm on the latest version of Firefox.
I hope this helps to solve your issue. Let me know if I can clarify anything above. In general getting the Discovery Service to work without the libraries (or maybe with them too) was quite painful, but I do finally have it all working.