I will answer my own question...
Turns out I have been viewing some very old documentation on v4l2 that did not include any reference to the ioctl() for image sizes. The newer documentation does indeed had an VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES ioctl() for enumerating all of the supported frame sizes.
Moral of this story: Always get the most current documentation for any API you intend to use. For video4linux2 use this:
http://linuxtv.org/downloads/v4l-dvb-apis/
-Andres